![]() ■ used as Primary ambiguous link, in which ATC Class is represented with a particular group of Ingredients with a common trait ■ hierarchical (applied at the post-processing, gives +1 level of separation) – contains only one Ingredient Group, which is mentioned somewhere in the middle – starts either from the Ingredient Group or the word of combinations ■ applied to Multicomponent ATC Classes, which names: ■ ATC - RxNorm primary upward connects the 1st Ingredient Groups of Multicomponent ATC Classes to respective Rx/RxN Standard Ingredients ■ the presence of this link is a prerequisite for creating a ‘Maps to’ relationship_id ■ used as a Secondary unambiguous link for ATC Classes with clear and well-defined Ingredient(s) ■ ATC - RxNorm secondary lateral connects the 2nd Active Ingredient OR any subsequent Active Ingredient of a Multicomponent ATC Class to Rx/RxN Standard Ingredient ■ semantically, it is an equivalent to ‘Maps to’ relationship_id, and usually (except for exemptions) has such a pair in concept_relationship ■ used as a Primary unambiguous link for ATC Classes with a clear and well-defined Ingredient – the 1st Active Ingredient of Multicomponent ATC Classes with Standard Ingredients – Monocomponent ATC Classes with their full semantic equivalents in the form of main active Standard Ingredients ■ technically non-hierarchical, however, semantically it resembles the 'Subsumes' relationship_id with the reverse of 'Is a' The EphMRA classification system is used worldwide by IMS (Intercontinental Medical Statistics) in producing marketing research statistics for the pharmaceutical industry.Īn annually updated comparison booklet of the two systems is available.■ connects ATC Classes and Drug Products, but not Ingredients In some settings, and on the EphMRA website, the system is referred to as the ATC classification and this has caused confusion among users over the years. Awareness of the differences between the two systems is then particularly important. This means that data prepared using the ATC classification cannot be directly compared with data prepared using the EphMRA system. There are many differences between the EphMRA classification and the ATC classification. The harmonization process was initiated in order to minimise the confusion of having two very similar classification systems. Since 1991 there has been an annual consultation between the EphMRA classification committee and the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology to discuss classification problems and to harmonize when possible. Despite a similar structure at the higher levels, the ATC classification and the EphMRA classification have developed individually for many years. Many of these quite similar to the ATC structure, but in many groups, less detailed. In the EphMRA classification, drugs are classified in a hierarchy of three and sometimes four levels mainly according to their indications and use. The ATC classification system was originally based on the same main principles as the Anatomical Classification developed by the European Pharmaceutical Market Research Association (EphMRA) and the Pharmaceutical Business Intelligence and Research Group (PBIRG).
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